According to the National Public Registry of a Latin American country, the names “María” and “José” are the most common first names in Spanish. They’re followed by “Luz” (female name) and “Juan”. It is thought that these names are the most common due to the religious nature of Latin Americans; both names are very prominent in the Bible.

In English, there are some names that are still used but may be considered somewhat outdated or maybe a little less popular. A specific first name I am thinking of is “Olga”. We don’t hear that name as much any more and it’s not on the “top ten” list of most popular names. The interesting thing is that in Spanish, the name “Olga” is a commonly heard name. It is not considered outdated and is fairly popular and well-liked.

Here is an example of some of fun outdated names that most Latin American kids wouldn’t want to be named. A few close Latin American acquaintances told me about these names. These names are “Tiburcia” and “Anacleta”. There is also a male counterpart: “Tiburcio” and “Anacleto”. Now that you have this powerful and possibly dangerous information, you need to be cautious. I wouldn’t suggest going around calling people these names. There are still individuals that have and use them that could get offended.

Next let’s examine a few crossover names from English to Spanish. This is not necessarily an all-inclusive list and some of the crossover names have been debated, but here they are:
Female Names Male Names
Spanish English Spanish English
María Mary José Joseph
Catalina Katherine Juan John
Débora Deborah David David
Elena Helen Adán Adam
Blanca (literally means “white”) Blanch Alejandro Alexander
Esperanza Hope Alfredo Alfred
Estela Estelle Andrés Andrew
Eva Eve Benjamín Benjamin
Inés Agnes Bernardo Bernard
Leonor Eleanor Carlos Charles
Margarita Margaret Ceaser César (common Spanish name)
Marta Martha Cristián Christian
Matilde Matilda Cristóbal Christopher
Milagros Miracles Santiago James
Mónica Monica Eduardo Edward
Natalia Natalie Enrique Henry
Noemi Naomi Estéban Steven
Olimpia Olympia Federico Frederick
Perla Pearl Felipe Phillip
Priscila Priscilla Geraldo Gerald
Raquel Rachel Guillermo William
Rebeca Rebecca Marcos Mark
Rita Rita Mateo Matthew
Rosalina Rosalyn Miguel Michael
Rut Ruth Pablo Paul
Sara Sarah Pedro Peter
Silvia Sylvia Ramón or Raimundo Raymond
Sofía Sophie Ricardo Richard
Susana Susanna Roberto Robert
Teresa Theresa Tomás Thomas
Verónica Veronica Wilfredo Wilfred
Viviana Vivian Víctor Victor

Spanish Nicknames
Finally, we’ll take a look at some Spanish nicknames that people are often called because of their name. For example, I have an Uncle Richard and we all call him “Dick”. Another English example is when “Robert” is addressed as “Bob”.
Spanish Nicknames
Spanish Name Spanish Nickname
Adela (f) Adelina
Ana (f) Anita
Carlos (m) Carlitos
Carla (f) Carlota
David (m) Davico
Rosario (f) Charo
Consuelo (f) Chelo
Jesús (m) -common Spanish name Chucho
Concepeión (f) Concha
Concha (f) Conchita
Eva (f) Evita
Gracia (f) Graciela
Juana (f) Juanita
Juan (m) Juanito
Eduardo (m) Lalo
Dolores (f) Lola
Guadalupe (f) Lupita
Manuel (m) Manolo
Ignacio (m) Nacho
Francicso (m) Paco or Pancho
José (m) Pepe or Pepito
Pilar (f) Pili
Enrique (m) Quique
Rosa (f) Rosita
Sara (f) Sarita
Margarita (f) Margaret

Moral of the Story: Names are very important in any language. If you have not already, see if your name crosses over to Spanish.

Sneak peek at next week: “Spanish Names – Part II”

¡Hasta luego! (”Until later!”)
David S. Clark — President / Director
To learn Spanish, click here!

As I have mentioned earlier, when eating at someone’s home in Latin America, as I did 3 meals a day for two years, you should eat all of the food your host/hostess serves you or they may become very offended and hurt. I quickly realized, by painful experience, that I couldn’t even give the food to someone else and have them eat it – I had to eat all of it myself. As I learned more about Latin American culture with regards to food, I made one food rule for myself that helped me get through the initial culture shock of eating everything. My rule is, “when eating an unrecognized food, do not ask what it is”. Sometimes I implemented a slight change to this rule, “Don’t ask what it is for at least an hour or two after eating it”. This rule helped keep my mind focused, my stomach not as weak, my plate empty and my hosts happy.

Here are just a few of the interesting things I ate while in Latin America that I wasn’t exactly used to. I often ate cow stomach. To me, it tasted a lot like what edible rubber might taste like. It was often cut into little pieces about the size of a coin; on one side it was smooth and rubbery, and the other side had fibers similar to those on a cotton towel. It took me a few times of eating it to get used to it, but then it was tolerable. We also often ate cow heart, liver and other interesting looking meats that I never dared ask what they were.

We had hot soup almost every day for lunch during the two years I lived in Latin America. At first I was surprised it was hot soup even though it was around 100 degrees outside without air-conditioning inside. Often the soup had an actual chicken’s foot in it! The first time I saw a chicken’s foot in my soup, I was a little shocked and thought it must be a joke until I saw everyone else eating their chicken’s foot without even thinking about it.

Now I will briefly inform you about the fine art of chicken-foot eating. You first pick up the chicken foot with both hands, and then nibble the skin/meat around each bone. This process can usually a while, so if you get chicken’s feet in your soup, be sure to plan your time accordingly if you have time constraints. The great thing about chicken’s feet is that if you’re watching your weight, you don’t have to worry; you can have as many chicken feet as you want without having to worry about calories – there isn’t much to a chicken’s foot.

While we’re on the topic of chicken, in Latin America I learned to eat every last piece of chicken from the bones; then I learned to bite the bones in half and suck out the marrow. When I first got married (back in the United States), and my wife saw me do this, she thought I had gone crazy and wanted to send me to a psychotherapist. I had to convince her that I was okay and explain why I bit the chicken bone in half and sucked out the marrow—she thought it was very strange.

Some other interesting things I ate in Latin America were guinea pig, pig’s feet and pig intestines stuffed with shredded pork cooked in boiled pig’s blood. Although the cultural differences in food were hard to get used to, I came to enjoy these differences and soaked it all in. For me, it became quite a fun culinary adventure!

I loved every single bit of culture learned in Latin America. Now, on to you as readers – please let me know about some of the interesting foods available in your region of the country or part of the world.

Moral of the Story: Some cultural differences can seem different, strange, or even weird, but they are just that – differences. Remember, just because someone does things different or eats different things, it doesn’t make them “weird or unusual”. Instead of saying, “Wow – that’s weird!” try saying instead “That is different.”

Sneak peek at next week: “Spanish Names”

¡Hasta luego! (”Until later!”)
David S. Clark — President / Director
To learn Spanish, click here!

In many of the lower-income pueblos in Latin America, resources to purchase food can be scarce. Latin America mostly consists of developing or so called third-world countries. Because of their low economic resources, Latin people usually don’t waste any food. In-fact, many will go to extremes to eat a lot of interesting parts of the cow, pig and other animals that most Americans have never even thought of eating.

After living in Latin America for two years and becoming accustomed to their way of life, I was shocked when I returned to the United States and had dinner with my family the first night I returned. It was reverse culture shock for me. I could not believe how much food they wasted. If they couldn’t or didn’t want to eat all of their food, they just left it on their plates and all of it went down the hungry and ever-ready food disposal never to be seen again. It is interesting to me that I used to do the same thing at mealtime before spending two years of my life living among the Latin people. In Latin America, because of economic conditions and lifestyle, they usually eat every piece of their food.

In a way, I wish everyone from more developed countries could have the chance to visit Latin America and live among the people of the poor pueblos. If they did, I believe we would have a very different world. I think people would be less greedy and appreciate what they have much more. I think people of more developed countries would also develop more compassion for the less-fortunate. The mentality of not wasting food has now become part of my life here in the United States. Sometimes I’ll be eating a meal with my wife and when she is finished, there will still be some food left on her plate. I will usually eat it for her because, after living in Latin America, it’s hard for me to see food go to waste. (I have to exercise a lot to burn off all of the extra calories from eating her food as well as mine – I have an indoor bike I enjoy riding frequently.)

In certain parts of Latin America, I saw little children crawling around on dirt floors, putting rocks and dirt in their mouths hoping it was food and I saw some literally starving to death. What an extremely heart wrenching experience it is to see real people and little children dying because of the lack of food. I can’t even explain what it does to you to see someone in that awful condition.

My life has been changed forever after being with people living in this type of difficult situation. When I was a little boy, my mother always told me to eat all of my food because there were children starving in China. I didn’t realize the full extent of her seemingly “nagging” phrase until I actually saw children dying of starvation in third-world countries.

Please give me feedback and let me know your thoughts.

Moral of the Story: What should we do to help? There are humanitarian aid programs we can donate to which help children who don’t have food to survive. Most of us have plenty, or we probably wouldn’t be on the internet reading this blog, and it can mean so much to give to those less-fortunate than us. I would love to hear from you if you decide to donate to a humanitarian aid organization or even to your local food bank. If you need a suggestion of humanitarian aid associations, let me know and I can recommend one or two that give a very high percentage directly to those in need.

Sneak peek at next week: “All Parts of the Cow!!? – Part II”

¡Hasta luego! (”Until later!”)
David S. Clark — President / Director
To learn Spanish, click here!

These three words used together form a very small piece of Latin American culture, but in a way you might not have guessed. These words are said when someone sneezes! If you sneeze once, Latin people say “Health!” If you sneeze a twice, they say “Money!” and a third sneeze in a row brings “Love!”

I have allergies and usually when I sneeze, I sneeze about 6 or 7 times in a row! I usually catch Latin people off-guard because after “Health!”, “Money!” and “Love!” they run out of things to say.

Sometimes people in Latin America will just say “Health!” and forget the rest. However, many are eager to wish you all three: “Health!”, “Money!” and “Love!” when every time you sneeze.

You might think it sounds a little odd to say “Health!” when someone sneezes, but if you think about it, it makes a little more sense than what we say in English — “Bless you!”. In the dictionary, the word “bless” means “to consecrate by religious rite or word”. It’s almost as if we’re trying to bless someone religiously when they sneeze. The Spanish version makes a lot more sense to me; you are wishing someone good “Health” so they can get better and avoid more germ-filled sneezes. So, why do they add “Money” and “Love” to multiple sneezes? I’m not quite sure, but if you wish someone “Health”, you might as well add “Money” and “Love” and offer them a complete package—because who doesn’t want health, money, and love!

Just remember how to say them in Spanish, one sneeze = Health – “Salud” [saw-lood]. Two sneezes = Money – “Dinero” [dee-neh-row]. And, a third sneeze = Love – “Amor ” [Ah-more].

Now for the interesting part for me, I would love to know what people around the world say when someone else sneezes—please comment.

Moral of the Story: This week’s topic is a fun little cultural phrase that people say when someone sneezes. Be daring and try it out the next time you hear a Latin person sneeze!

Sneak peek at next week: “Don’t Waste Your Food – All Parts of the Cow!!?”

¡Hasta luego! (”Until later!”)
David S. Clark — President / Director
To learn Spanish, click here!

I learned a great lesson that day which was again re-emphasized later when I lived in Latin America. Latin people will usually share anything with you, even if it is the smallest amount of possessions and food that they have. Many invite you to dinner or meals when they barely have enough food to feed their own families. If you become friends with them, they will often give you gifts or just about anything they have. They are a very generous and giving culture. Of course there are always exceptions, but this is generally what I experienced while living there.

I learned this cultural lesson of sharing in Latin America the hard way. In Latin America, they don’t eat a whole lot of sugar and I have a huge sweet tooth. After living there for a month or two, I developed an incredible craving for anything with a good amount of sugar. I wrote my parents and asked them to send whatever they could that contained sugar. They sent a box of Jell-O Pudding® which was one of my favorite dessert snacks.

I was so excited to finally receive something sweet and sugary, that when the Jell-O Pudding® arrived, I couldn’t wait to eat it. Since many apartments in Latin America don’t have kitchens built in, including the one I lived in, I went to the home of our pensión (Spanish word the native family we paid to make breakfast and dinner for us). They gave me some milk to use, and I stirred up the Jell-O Pudding®. I was in heaven! Two months of cravings had finally come to an end! The family that lived there wasn’t around when I ate it. I did share some of the pudding with a native friend I was with, but I failed to offer any to the family who had so generously given me the milk to make the pudding. The family came into the room just as I was finishing the last bite of the Jell-O Pudding®. They all asked me excitedly, “So do we get to try some of your American dessert?” A feeling of shame, guilt, and embarrassment came over me as I realized that I had selfishly devoured all of the pudding without offering to share any with them. The situation was actually worse than I had realized; in their culture you should always share whatever you have – especially food (and they even gave me the milk to make it). I felt horrible and vowed always to share from that point on—especially with Latin Americans—but also share with everyone regardless.

It was a great cultural lesson for me, and it’s one that I have tried to adopt into my life here in the United States. After that experience, I have always offered to share my candy, food or other things I have bought with Latin people (and anyone for that matter). I have tried to be very careful not to purchase anything in front of them unless I could also share it with them. And they, because of their Latin culture, have done the same for me.

To give you another brief example of this cultural difference, I had a native Latin friend who didn’t have much money but loved to buy ice cream cones. He would always offer to buy me one every time he bought his. As you immerse yourself into the Latin culture, it’s important to accept their offers to share with you, but also to share with them whenever you get the chance.

This is a great trait to develop, regardless of the country or culture you live in. It’s something that is simply nice to do and will help win you more friends. Please let me know if any of you around the world have had experiences similar to this.

Moral of the Story: If you don’t want to offend Latin Americans, don’t buy things or eat food in front of them unless you share with them. Remember that their culture is to share, give, and be generous.

Sneak peek at next week: “Health!, Money!, and Love!”

¡Hasta la vista! (”Until I see you again!” [Literally: “Until the sight!”)
David S. Clark — President / Director
To learn Spanish, click here!

This type of meal-time interruption doesn’t seem to happen as much in the United States as it does in Latin America. This seems to be because just about everyone in the United States has access to a telephone and people usually call each other before stopping by. In many Latin American areas, especially in the lower-income pueblos, a very small percentage of the population owns a telephone because of the cost involved. Phone calls are normally charged by the length of each call whether local or long distance. In the United States, a set monthly charge usually gets you all the local calls you want, regardless of the length, for the cost of your set monthly price. However, extra fees are sometimes incurred for long-distance calls. Because of the scarcity of people with telephones in Latin America, people frequently stop by homes unannounced and often while they’re eating. I assume that because of this practice, and because of the Latin American emphasis on food, there has been a Spanish phrase invented for this exact scenario.

If you stop by someone’s home while they’re eating and you aren’t, you should say either “¡Provecho!” or “¡Buen provecho!” which translates to “Enjoy your meal!” The word “provecho” literally means “profit” or “benefit”, and “Buen provecho” literally translates to “Good benefit” or “Good profit”.

People usually say this phrase with a light-hearted attitude almost as if to say, “Go ahead and keep eating and don’t worry about me”. To continue the situation a little further, if you’re eating and someone says “¡Buen provecho” to you, you can answer them by saying “Servido” which means “Served”. By saying “Servido” to them, you are basically saying, “Feel free to take a seat and have some if you’d like.” Even though that is the real meaning, I don’t recall ever seeing anyone in this situation ever take someone up on the offer and sit down to eat with the family after they had already started a meal.

Remember, the next time you interrupt Latin-American people eating, be sure to say “¡Provecho!” or “¡Buen provecho!” to them. Also, if you are eating, and someone says “¡Provecho!” to you, be sure and say “Servido” to them, and be ready to offer them food; just in case they take you up on your generous offer.

Moral of the Story: A large part of Latin American culture is based on food. Without a lot of instant food available to the people in the lower-income pueblos, they spend a lot of time in food preparation. Because food is such a large part of their lives, it’s important to learn proper mealtime etiquette. Just remember, “¡Provecho!” or “¡Buen provecho!” and “Servido”.

Sneak peek at next week: “Share your food – especially Jell-O Pudding®”

¡Hasta la vista baby! (This is actor Arnold Schwarzenegger’s famous line meaning “Until I see you again baby!”)
David S. Clark — President / Director
To learn Spanish, click here!

John and Jane Doe, who are obviously married and model citizens, also have their names on government and employment forms as they show us, by their perfect examples, the proper way to fill out those difficult forms. Some of us tend to get frustrated as “John” and “Jane” seem to be the epitome of perfection in our society, and we are just the “average Joe” never quite able to reach their level of perfection.

By the way, “John and Jane Doe” have a not so perfect son named “the average Joe”. Joe despises filling out forms and got “Bs” and “Cs” in school. Like his parents, however, “the average Joe” also seems to be everywhere in the United States. Whenever we give examples to people about things that occur in life, we refer to “the average Joe”. We say things like “Let’s consider ‘the average Joe’ in this particular situation”, and so on. Like his parents “John” and “Jane”, he is also extremely popular in our American culture.

Now we’ll change our topic a bit and talk about Latin America. When I was living in my first Latin American city, I always heard about a man named “Fulano” [foo-lawn-oh]. Everyone seemed to know him, but I never had the privilege of meeting him. After a short time, I learned that his full name was “Fulano de tal” (Fulano of such). As time went on, and I lived in a few more cities, everyone still talked about this “Fulano” guy. After a while of being immersed in my new language and culture, I finally realized that “Fulano de tal” was a long lost relative of “John and Jane Doe” and their son “the average Joe”. I think he is their second Latin American cousin twice removed whose parents fled from America in the late 1800s after the Gold Rush. He has since traveled throughout Central and South America and seems to have the genetic makeup of all three of his American relatives.

I also came to know that “Fulano” has two brothers named “Mengano” and “Zutano”. They just so happen to be first cousins with “Tom”, “Dick”, and “Harry” in the United States. So, when people refer to any “Tom, Dick, and Harry” in the United States, they can also refer to their cousins “Fulano, Mengano, and Zutano” in Latin America.

It was fun for me to learn that “John and Jane Doe” and “The Average Joe”, exist in Latin America in the form of “Fulano”. Just out of curiosity, for international readers, is there a “Fulano” type character in your country?

Moral of the Story: Next time you are talking to someone in Spanish and they mention “Fulano”, you will know that they are talking about “The Average Joe”, “John or Jane Doe”, or just “so and so”.

Sneak peek at next week: “Provecho / Servido – Manners While Someone is Eating”

¡Que tengan buena semana! (Have a Great Week!)
David S. Clark — President / Director
U.S. Institute of Languages
To learn Spanish, click here!

In the assisted living centers, the people that live there are somewhat independent. They usually have their meals cooked for them, entertainment planned, and transportation provided to go places. However, people residing in rest homes need more constant care, both physical and medical. Both rest homes and assisted living centers are usually very expensive.

When I lived in Latin America, I asked several of the locals if there were “rest homes” in the area. It took me quite a while to even figure out what the word for “rest home” was in Spanish, because only a few Latin Americans were familiar with them. After asking a few local friends, I finally found out that the word for “rest home” in Spanish is “asilo de ancianos”. The interesting part of that name is that “ancianos” means “ancient” or “elderly”, and the word “asilo” means “asylum”, “refuge” or “shelter”. So basically, if it is directly translated, it would be called an “elderly asylum” or “elderly shelter”.

In all of the areas of Latin America that I lived in during the two years I was there, I only saw one rest home—or elderly shelter. However, because I lived only in the mid-size to smaller pueblos, rest homes may have been more common in larger cities.

Now let’s explore some of the possible reasons why there aren’t as many rest homes in Latin America as there are in the United States. Their culture in regard to their elderly family members is very different from our culture here in the United States. Elderly family members will customarily live with their children in the same home. The reason this happens, according to my observations, is that family relations are very strong, and usually the elderly person is not financially independent. In talking to some Latin Americans personally, they seemed to have the mentality that parents take care of their children when they are younger so that they will in-turn, take care of them when they grow older.

In the United States, people seem to have more of an independent attitude with regard to aging. As soon as teenagers get old enough, or get married, usually their parents will gently, or sometimes not so gently, lead them out the door. When people become elderly, they often want to stay in their own homes or live in a rest/assisted living home so they don’t burden their family members. Compared to Latin America, very few elderly people in the United States live with their children.

In Latin America, in addition to the elderly living with family members, it is also quite common to have newlyweds live with family members. As you can imagine, homes could start to fill up very fast in just a few years as children get married and have children of their own while also having grandparents living in the home.

As I’ve mentioned in the past, there is usually a tremendous attitude of respect among family members in Latin America, especially from children to parents and grandparents. It’s great to see the strength of the family in Latin America and the respect they have there as they all live together in the same household.

Moral of the Story: Even though homes can get quite crowded with two or three generations in the same living space, I admire Latin Americans for taking their parents into their homes and making their twilight years more joyful and pleasant.

Sneak peek at next week: “The Spanish Jane and John Doe – Who are they?”

¡Hasta luego! (Until later!)
David S. Clark — President / Director
To learn Spanish, click here!

In the United States the use of sarcasm is widespread and is used as a common, daily form of communication. For example, if someone you know purchased a new shirt that was obviously a little strange, you could tease them by saying “Nice shirt!” Of course, when you say “Nice shirt!” what you really mean is, “Wow, that shirt is a little crazy or strange.”

In Latin America, people generally aren’t used to hearing or using sarcasm with one another. For example, one time I was working with a native Spanish speaker who was wearing a very unusual sweater. It was definitely out of the ordinary and somewhat different. I said, “Nice sweater!” After I said that he looked at me with a thoughtful look and said “Thanks”. He didn’t understand the fact that I was using sarcasm with him and that I thought he sweater was a little unusual. He thought I was serious and was giving him a nice compliment about his strange sweater.

As I lived in different countries in Latin America for two consecutive years, I began to get used to this new attitude of not using sarcasm. It took quite a while to get used to, but pretty soon I didn’t use sarcasm at all. Due to of the lack of sarcasm in Latin America, it seemed to me that there was generally more respect among people there.

Then, after two years of living among the Latin natives and adopting this new mentality of not using sarcasm, I met up with an American. We were assigned a project where we had to work together every day for about month or so. He had just arrived in Latin America and wasn’t used to the language or the native Latin culture (without sarcasm). Often, I found myself getting offended when he used sarcasm with me. I had become so immersed into the native Latin culture that I found his sarcasm offensive. It took me several weeks to get back into the swing of things (the U.S. sarcasm mentality) and realize that he wasn’t actually trying to be rude or mean. He was simply using a similar type of sarcasm that I had used previously when living in the United States.

Now, I’m sure many of you may be saying, “I know some Latin people in the United States who are sarcastic”. If you do, most likely it’s because they have already began to adopt some of our cultural behaviors. Just keep in mind that most native speakers living in Latin America usually don’t use sarcasm.

Moral of the Story: When visiting Latin America, whether it’s for business or pleasure, it’s important to know about their mentality on sarcasm. On the other hand, even though many Latin people living in the United States may have adopted sarcasm and use it often, still be careful when talking to them because sarcasm may still offend them. Although a world without sarcasm was very different to live in and get used to, I grew to love it and found the people to be very respectful towards one another.

Sneak peek at next week: “Rest Homes in Latin America?”

¡Hasta luego! (Until later!)
David S. Clark — President / Director
To learn Spanish, click here!

This week I want to mention a myth about speaking Spanish as well as some techniques to instantly learn hundreds of Spanish words.

Many Americans mistakenly think you can add the letter “o” to English words and those words instantly become Spanish. Even though this does work once in a blue moon, more often than not it doesn’t work at all and just causes confusion. I have heard several Americans in Latin America use this flawed technique and suffer from a huge communication gap.

Here are a few techniques that work a lot of the time, but there are exceptions. Each of these techniques involves suffixes (word endings):

1. “-ction” = “-cción”: action (acción), attraction (attracción), fiction (ficción), reaction (reacción)

2. “-ty” = “-dad”: university (universidad), activity (actividad), intensity (intensidad), ability (abilidad)

3. “-tion” = “-ción”: activation (activación), penetration (penetración), station (estación), vacation (vacación)

4. “-ssion” = “-sión”: session (sesión), passion (pasión), depression (depresión), aggression (agresión)

5. “-ive” = “-ivo”: active (activo), passive (pasivo), relative (relativo), intensive (intensivo), massive (masivo). Partly because of this “ivo/ive” technique, people try to ineffectively put an “o” on the end of any English word to turn it into Spanish

6. “-ly” = “-mente”: recently (recientemente), actively (activamente), relatively (relativamente), effectively (efectivamente). This technique (”ly/mente”) isn’t as reliable in taking words from English into Spanish but can help you better decipher the meaning of written Spanish words.

Moral of the Story: When you really need to guess a Spanish word, the techniques mentioned above can be helpful. They can also be very useful in helping you decipher written messages. But, you need to remember that that are many exceptions to these techniques. Unfortunately they aren’t fool-proof.

Sneak peek at next week: “El sarcasmo”

¡Hasta luego! (Until later!)
David S. Clark — President / Director

Click here to learn Spanish!